หลักการทับศัพท์ภาษาญี่ปุ่น
日本語のタイ語表記
Disclaimers
This document is a short description for transliterating, i.e. accurately describing sounds in one language to another, from Japanese to Thai. Multiple standards of this already exist, such as:
However, transliteration can be a very opinionated practice, and in reality, there are multiple other versions of these rules that have been used by various parties, especially translation-centric companies such as book localizers. This document is not meant to be a replacement, or offered as any better alternative, but only a different way of viewing the topic with focus on convention and ease of readability for Thais. The document is most likely only going to be used by its creator, but adaptations or usage of the rules are welcomed.
This document is never meant to be final; Readers are welcomed to propose updates or changes to this guidelines as well. The guide is purposefully written in English to reach a wider audience, but knowledge of Thai will be needed to fully navigate it. The guide is tracked and published on GitHub for ease of version-tracking. This document also uses a lot of names as examples, since they’re the most common use case for transliterating words in modern media, but also just for the fun of it. These names are capitalized in their romaji form (e.g. まこと Makoto).
This document is made possible with the help of Phyblas’ transliteration rules, which served as both the inspiration for this project and the central reference for this document. Additionally, the Chulalongkorn University Central Library and the Burapha University Library has been of extensive help in finding attributions and citations necessary to this project.
あ | a | /a/ | อะ on closed syllables or last syllable of morpheme
|
い | i | /i/ |
อิ
|
う | u | /ɯ/ | อุ
|
え | e | /e/ | เอะ on closed syllables or last syllable of morpheme
|
お | o | /o/ | โอะ on closed syllables or last syllable of morpheme
|
ああ, あ | aa | /aː/ |
อา
|
いい, い | ii | /iː/ |
อี
|
うう, う | uu | /ɯː/ | อู
|
ええ, え | ee | /eː/ |
เอ
|
えい, い | ei | /eː/, /ei/ |
เอย์2
|
おう, う, おお, お | oo, ou | /oː/ |
โอ3
|
All vowel sequences, apart from long vowels, should be written down in usual consecutive order, i.e.
あみあ | Amia | อามิอะ |
いう | iu | อิอุ |
かおる | Kaoru | คาโอรุ |
まお | Mao | มาโอะ |
Some vowel sequences, however, have exceptions:4
あい | ai | /ai/ | ไอ
|
うい | ui | /ɯi/ |
อุย5
|
おい | oi | /oi/ |
โอย
|
ゃ, |
–ya, |
/ʲa/, |
เอีย
|
ゅ, |
–yu, |
/ʲɯ/, |
อิว
|
ょ, |
–yo, |
/ʲo/, |
เอียว6
|
For yōon starting with し, ち, or じ, the palatalized sound gets merged into the vowel sound, thus removing the palatalized vowel, i.e.
しょうじ | shōji | โชจิ | not เชียวจิ |
チャンス | chansu | จันสุ | not เจียนสุ |
じゅうにん | jūnin | จูนิน | not จิวนิน |
Simply transcribe them as あ, う, or お sounds in this case.
あ い う え お を |
a i u e o wo |
/ʔ/ |
อ
|
か き く け こ |
ka ki ku ke ko |
/k/ |
ค when syllable-initial7
|
が ぎ ぐ げ ご |
ga gi gu ge go |
/g/, /ŋ/ |
ก when syllable-initial
|
さ す せ そ |
sa su se so |
/s/ |
ส when syllable-final without ending sound, OR short す
|
ざ ず ぜ ぞ づ |
za zu ze zo zu |
/dz/, /z/ |
ซ
|
し | shi | /ɕ/ |
ช
|
じ ぢ | ji ji | /dʑ/, /ʑ/ |
จ
|
た て と | ta te to | /t/ |
ท when syllable-initial7
|
だ で ど | da de do | /d/ |
ด
|
ち | chi | /tɕ/ |
จ
|
つ | tsu | /ts/ |
ทส, ทซ when syllable-initial7
|
な ぬ ね の |
na nu ne no |
/n/ |
น
|
に | ni | /ɲ/ |
น
|
は へ ほ | ha he ho | /h/ |
ฮ
|
ば び ぶ べ ぼ |
ba bi bu be bo |
/b/ |
บ
|
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ |
pa pi pu pe po |
/p/ |
พ when syllable-initial7
|
ひ | hi | /ç/ |
ฮ
|
ふ | fu | /ɸ/ |
ฟ
|
ま み む め も |
ma mi mu me mo |
/m/ |
ม
|
や ゆ よ | ya yu yo | /j/ |
ย
|
ら り る れ ろ | ra ri ru re ro |
/ɾ/ |
ร
|
わ | wa | /ɰ/ |
ว
|
ん is the only Japanese final consonant kana, but can be pronounced in a variety of ways, depending on the sound that follows it.
あ さ し ざ じ た ち つ だ な に ら |
a– s– z–, ji t–, chi, tsu d– n– r– |
/ɰ̃/ /ɰ̃/, /ɰ̃/ /n/, /ɲ/ /n/, /ɲ/, /n/ /n/ /n/, /ɲ/ /n/ |
น
|
ば ぱ ま |
b– p– m– |
/m/ |
ม
|
か が は ひ ふ や わ None |
k– g– h– y– w– – |
/ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ɰ̃/ /ɰ̃/ /ɰ̃/ /ɴ/ |
ง
|
As for the sokuon, simply use the following consonant as the final consonant, i.e.
うえっち | Uecchi | อุเอ็จจิ |
まっしろ | masshiro | มัชชิโระ |
はっか | Hakka | ฮักกะ |
Acquisitions and Bibliographic Access Directorate of the Library of Congress. (2022). Japanese Romanization Table. The Library of Congress. Retrieved March 1, 2023, from https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html
Association, I. P. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press.
Homma, Y. (1981). Durational relationship between Japanese stops and vowels. Journal of Phonetics, 9(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30971-4
Office of the Royal Society. (2018). หลักเกณฑ์การทับศัพท์ภาษาเยอรมัน สเปน ญี่ปุ่น และมลายู. In Royal Thai Government Gazette (เล่ม 135 ตอนพิเศษ 82 ง หน้า 2). Cabinet and Royal Gazette Publishing Office. https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/2137260.pdf
Phyblas. (2022, March 23). หลักการเขียนทับศัพท์ภาษาญี่ปุ่น. บล็อกของ Phyblas. https://phyblas.hinaboshi.com/20130109
Riney, T. J., Takagi, N., Ota, K., & Uchida, Y. (2007). The intermediate degree of VOT in Japanese initial voiceless stops. Journal of Phonetics, 35(3), 439–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2006.01.002
Royal Society. (2011). Royal Institute Dictionary 2011.
Tsujimura, N. (2013). An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. John Wiley & Sons.
Vance, T. J. (2008). The Sounds of Japanese with Audio CD. Cambridge University Press.
Vowels are only considered long if they are from the same morpheme. For example, 砂糖屋 (satōya, sa-tō-ya) would be transliterated as ซาโตยะ, whereas 里親 (satooya, sato-oya) has a morpheme split in the middle and would be transliterated as ซาโตโอยะ. ↩
えい and ええ have the same pronunciation (/eː/) in general speech; however, when enunciating or stressing, えい may turn into /ei/. Thus, -ย์ is introduced to differentiate ええ and えい. ↩
In media and popular use, おう can have -ว (making โอว) to indicate the う part. However, this is considered unnecessary, as おう and おお are pronounced the same (/oː/). ↩
These exceptions are only applied as long as the sequence happens within the same morpheme. ↩
すい, ずい, and つい are also written with อุย, as อึย does not appear in Thai. ↩
Remove the following final consonant if any, since เอียว already has a final consonant. ↩
The /k/, /t/, and /p/ sounds all have varying degrees of aspiration associated with them, that lies somewhere between aspirated and unaspirated Thai consonants. Thus, to not stray away from the norm, we use the aspirated consonant only when it’s in the syllable-initial position. The /tɕ/ in ち has not been confirmed by any research that it is aspirated, however. (Riney 2007, Vance 2008, Tsujimura 2013) ↩ ↩2 ↩3 ↩4